Where fraudsters usually send/route hacked VoIP traffic

Fraudsters make money by routing calls to premium-rate or high-revenue destinations (IRSF / “toll fraud”) or by using compromised systems to place vishing/spam calls. The destinations that keep showing up in industry lists and reports are typically countries or number ranges with high premium/termination payouts or weak controls. Common examples cited by telecom security vendors, fraud guides and carrier “high-risk” lists include:

West Africa & parts of Sub-Saharan Africa — e.g., Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Somalia. (Frequently listed as high-risk toll-fraud destinations.) getunited.com+1
Certain Caribbean and Central American ranges — used historically in IRSF and traffic-pumping schemes. (Vendors often block ranges by default.) Plivo+1
Some Eastern European and Baltic ranges — appear in operator high-risk lists occasionally (depends on current scams/resellers). voipcloud.online
Countries used as vishing/spam sources or targets — large call-volume victims include countries like Brazil (hotspot for vishing) and others identified by global spam reports. (This is about where scam calls target or originate, rather than pure toll-fraud revenue destinations.) Keepnet Labs+1

Important: lists change fast. Fraudsters continually shift to new number ranges and countries to avoid blocks, and providers regularly update “high-risk” lists. Industry reports emphasize that toll fraud can involve over 200 countries — what matters is which number ranges are currently monetizable or poorly controlled.

In telecom security, the term “high-risk toll-fraud destinations” refers to countries or number ranges that are repeatedly abused by VoIP hackers to generate fraudulent international calls (known as International Revenue Share Fraud or IRSF). These destinations usually have:

Premium-rate numbers that generate revenue per call/minute.
Weaker telecom regulation or less monitoring.
High termination costs that make them lucrative for fraudsters.

Commonly Cited High-Risk Toll-Fraud Destinations

West Africa: Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Liberia.
Other parts of Africa: Zimbabwe, Congo (DRC), Nigeria.
Caribbean Islands: Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, Cuba, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Kitts & Nevis.
Pacific Islands: Vanuatu, Tonga, Nauru, Solomon Islands.
Middle East & Central Asia: Afghanistan, Yemen, Syria, Iraq.
Eastern Europe: Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Albania.